弁膜疾患の非薬物治療に関するガイドライン（2012年改訂版）
Guidelines for Surgical and Interventional Treatment of Valvular Haert Disease（ JCS 2012）
文献
1. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines
for the management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists endorsed
by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: e1-148.
2. Olson LJ, Subramanian R, Ackermann DM, et al. Surgical pathology of the mitral valve: a study of 712 cases spanning 21 years. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;
62: 22-34.
3. Gash AK, Carabello BA, Cepin D, et al. Left ventricular ejection performance and systolic muscle function in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation
1983; 67: 148-154.
4. Sunamori M, Suzuki A, Harrison CE. Relationship between left ventricular morphology and postoperative cardiac function following valve replacement for
mitral stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85: 727-732.
5. Heller SJ, Carleton RA. Abnormal left ventricular contraction in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 1970; 42: 1099-1110.
6. Liu CP, Ting CT, Yang TM, et al. Reduced left ventricular compliance in human mitral stenosis. Role of reversible internal constraint. Circulation 1992; 85:
1447-1456.
7. OLESEN KH. The natural history of 271 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment. Br Heart J 1962; 24: 349-357.
8. ROWE JC, BLAND EF, SPRAGUE HB, et al. The course of mitral stenosis without surgery: ten- and twenty-year perspectives. Ann Intern Med 1960; 52:
741-749.
9. Selzer A, Cohn KE. Natural history of mitral stenosis: a review. Circulation 1972; 45: 878-890.
10. Sagie A, Freitas N, Padial LR, et al. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of long-term progression of mitral stenosis in 103 patients: valve area and
right heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 472-479.
11. SELLORS TH, BEDFORD DE, SOMERVILLE W. Valvotomy in the treatment of mitral stenosis. Br Med J 1953; 2: 1059-1067.
12. Carabello BA, Nolan SP, McGuire LB. Assessment of preoperative left ventricular function in patients with mitral regurgitation: value of the end-systolic
wall stress-endsystolic volume ratio. Circulation 1981; 64: 1212-1217.
13. Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Schwammenthal E, et al. Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral
regurgitation: direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry. Circulation 1997; 96: 1999-2008.
14. Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1-7.
15. Ling LH, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, et al. Clinical outcome of mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1417-1423.
16. Hammermeister KE, Fisher L, Kennedy W, et al. Prediction of late survival in patients with mitral valve disease from clinical, hemodynamic, and
quantitative angiographic variables. Circulation 1978; 57: 341-349.
17. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler
assessment. Circulation 2001; 103: 1759-1764.
18. Inoue K, Owaki T, Nakamura T, et al. Clinical application of transvenous mitral commissurotomy by a new balloon catheter. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
1984; 87: 394-402.
19. Vahanian AS. Valvuloplasty. Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine Lippincott-Raven Pblishers, Philadelphia 1998: 2155-2175.
20. Reid CL, McKay CR, Chandraratna PA, et al. Mechanisms of increase in mitral valve area and influence of anatomic features in double-balloon, catheter
balloon valvuloplasty in adults with rheumatic mitral stenosis: a Doppler and twodimensional echocardiographic study. Circulation 1987; 76: 628-636.
21. Iung B, Cormier B, Ducimetiere P, et al. Immediate results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. A predictive model on a series of 1514 patients.
Circulation 1996; 94: 2124-2130.
22. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, et al. Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to
outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J 1988; 60: 299-308.
23. Inoue K, Hung JS. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: the far east experience. In Topol EJ ed. Textbook of Interventional Cardiology.
second edition, W.B. Saunders. Philadelphia 1994: 1226-1242.
24. Multicenter experience with balloon mitral commissurotomy. NHLBI Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry Report on immediate and 30-day follow-up results.
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry Participants. Circulation 1992; 85: 448-461.
25. Cohen DJ, Kuntz RE, Gordon SP, et al. Predictors of longterm outcome after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1329
-1335.
26. Orrange SE, Kawanishi DT, Lopez BM, et al. Actuarial outcome after catheter balloon commissurotomy in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation
1997; 95: 382-389.
27. Fatkin D, Roy P, Morgan JJ, et al. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy with the Inoue single-balloon catheter: commissural morphology as a
determinant of outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 390-397.
28. Palacios IF, Sanchez PL, Harrell LC, et al. Which patients benefit from percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty? Prevalvuloplasty and
postvalvuloplasty variables that predict long-term outcome. Circulation 2002; 105: 1465-1471.
29. Cohn LH, Allred EN, Cohn LA, et al. Long-term results of open mitral valve reconstruction for mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 731-734.
30. Toumbouras M, Panagopoulos F, Papakonstantinou C, et al. Long-term surgical outcome of closed mitral commissurotomy. J Heart Valve Dis 1995; 4:
247-250.
31. 高沢有史．僧帽弁狭窄症治療における直視下交連切開術の再評価─直視下交連切開術と経皮的僧帽弁交連裂開術の比較検討─．日胸外会誌 1994; 42: 38
-45.
32. Kitamura N, Uemura S, Kunitomo R, et al. A new technique for debridement in rheumatic valvular disease: the rasping procedure. Ann Thorac Surg
2000; 69: 121-125.
33. Glower DD, Landolfo KP, Davis RD, et al. Comparison of open mitral commissurotomy with mitral valve replacement with or without chordal preservation
in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 1998; 98(19 Suppl): II120-II123.
34. Wasir H, Choudhary SK, Airan B, et al. Mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation in a rheumatic population. J Heart Valve Dis 2001; 10: 84-89.
35. Okita Y, Miki S, Ueda Y, et al. Mitral valve replacement with maintenance of mitral annulopapillary muscle continuity in patients with mitral stenosis. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 108: 42-51.
36. Sakata R, Fujii Y, Kuwano H. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Japan during 2009: annual report by the Japanese Association for Thoracic
Surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 59: 636-667.
37. Swain JA: Glenn’s Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 6th ed., Appleton and Lange, Stanford 1996: 1943-1955.
38. Cesnjevar RA, Feyrer R, Walther F, et al. High-risk mitral valve replacement in severe pulmonary hypertension--30 years experience. Eur J Cardiothorac
Surg 1998; 13: 344-351.
39. Kazui T, Osada H, Fujita H. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Japan during 2004. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54: 363-385.
40. Vincens JJ, Temizer D, Post JR, et al. Long-term outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary hypertension.
Circulation 1995; 92(9 Suppl): II137-II142.
41. 木村希望，数井暉久，小池英明，他．再僧帽弁置換術─外科治療成績と問題点の検討─．胸部外科 1994; 47: 664-667.
42. Nakano S, Kawashima Y, Hirose H, et al. Reconsiderations of indications for open mitral commissurotomy based on pathologic features of the
stenosed mitral valve. A fourteenyear follow-up study in 347 consecutive patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94: 336-342.
43. Reichart DT, Sodian R, Zenker R, et al. Long-term (</= 50 years) results of patients after mitral valve commissurotomy--a single-center experience. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143(4 Suppl): S96-S98.
44. Hickey MS, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, et al. Outcome probabilities and life history after surgical mitral commissurotomy: implications for balloon
commissurotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 29-42.
45. Ismeno G, Renzulli A, De FM, et al. Surgery of rheumatic mitral stenosis: comparison of different techniques. Acta Cardiol 2001; 56: 155-161.
46. Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon ACJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary. A report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular
Heart Disease). Circulation 1998; 98: 1949-1984.
47. Crawford MH, Souchek J, Oprian CA, et al. Determinants of survival and left ventricular performance after mitral valve replacement. Department of
Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. Circulation 1990; 81: 1173-1181.
48. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation.
Circulation 1994; 90: 830-837.
49. Phillips HR, Levine FH, Carter JE, et al. Mitral valve replacement for isolated mitral regurgitation: analysis of clinical course and late postoperative left
ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48: 647-654.
50. Schuler G, Peterson KL, Johnson A, et al. Temporal response of left ventricular performance to mitral valve surgery. Circulation 1979; 59: 1218-1231.
51. Wisenbaugh T, Skudicky D, Sareli P. Prediction of outcome after valve replacement for rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the era of chordal preservation.
Circulation 1994; 89: 191-197.
52. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation: results and
clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1536-1543.
53. Flemming MA, Oral H, Rothman ED, et al. Echocardiographic markers for mitral valve surgery to preserve left ventricular performance in mitral
regurgitation. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 476-482.
54. Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, et al. Chronic mitral regurgitation: predictivevalue of preoperative echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular function
and wall stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3(2 Pt 1): 235-242.
55. Duran CG, Pomar JL, Revuelta JM, et al. Conservative operation for mitral insufficiency: critical analysis supported by postoperative hemodynamic
studies of 72 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 326-337.
56. Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, et al. Valve repair improves the outcome of surgery for mitral regurgitation. A multivariate analysis.
Circulation 1995; 91:1022-1028.
57. Chua YL, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, et al. Outcome of mitral valve repair in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation. Should the maze procedure be
combined with mitral valvuloplasty? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 408-415.
58. David TE, Burns RJ, Bacchus CM, et al. Mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without preservation of chordae tendineae. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88(5 Pt 1): 718-725.
59. David TE, Uden DE, Strauss HD. The importance of the mitral apparatus in left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation. Circulation
1983; 68(3 Pt 2): II76-II82.
60. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J
Med 2005; 352: 875-883.
61. Bonow RO, Nikas D, Elefteriades JA. Valve replacement for regurgitant lesions of the aortic or mitral valve in advanced left ventricular dysfunction.
Cardiol Clin 1995; 13: 73-83, 85.
62. Rosen SE, Borer JS, Hochreiter C, et al. Natural history of the asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patient with severe mitral regurgitation secondary
to mitral valve prolapse and normal right and left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 374-380.
63. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2006; 113: 2238-2244.
64. Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E, et al. Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced
systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 765-770.
65. Capomolla S, Febo O, Gnemmi M, et al. Beta-blockade therapy in chronic heart failure: diastolic function and mitral regurgitation improvement by
carvedilol. Am Heart J 2000; 139: 596-608.
66. Linde C, Leclercq C, Rex S, et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the MUltisite STimulation in
cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 111-118.
67. St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart
failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 1985-1990.
68. Badhwar V, Bolling SF. Mitral valve surgery in the patient with left ventricular dysfunction. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 14: 133-136.
69. Bishay ES, McCarthy PM, Cosgrove DM, et al. Mitral valve surgery in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000;
17: 213-221.
70. Bolling SF. Mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy. J Heart Valve Dis 2002; 11, Suppl 1: S26-S31.
71. Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Deeb GM, et al. Intermediate-term outcome of mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115:
381-386.
72. Chen FY, Adams DH, Aranki SF, et al. Mitral valve repair in cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998; 98(19 Suppl): II124-II127.
73. Wu AH, Aaronson KD, Bolling SF, et al. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular
systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 381-387.
74. Eguchi K, Ohtaki E, Matsumura T, et al. Pre-operative atrial fibrillation as the key determinant of outcome of mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral
regurgitation. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1866-1872.
75. Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Ling LH, et al. Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and long-term
outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 84-92.
76. Lim E, Barlow CW, Hosseinpour AR, et al. Influence of atrial fibrillation on outcome following mitral valve repair. Circulation 2001; 104(12 Suppl 1):
I59-I63.
77. Betriu A, Chaitman BR, Almazan A. Preoperative determinants of return to sinus rhythm after valve replacement. In: Cohn LH, Gallucci V, editors.
Cardiac Bioprosthesis. New York, NY 1982: 184-191.
78. Horskotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W, et al. The effect of chordal preservation on late outcome after mitral valve replacement: a randomized study. J Heart
Valve Dis 1993; 2: 150-158.
79. Braunberger E, Deloche A, Berrebi A, et al. Very long-term results (more than 20 years) of valve repair with carpentier’s techniques in nonrheumatic
mitral valve insufficiency. Circulation 2001; 104(12 Suppl 1): I8-11.
80. David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet
prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130: 1242-1249.
81. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Alaulaqi A, et al. Outcomes after repair of the anterior mitral leaflet for degenerative disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86:
708-717.
82. Mohty D, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, et al. Very long-term survival and durability of mitral valve repair for mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 2001; 104
(12 Suppl 1): I1-I7.
83. Perier P, Hohenberger W, Lakew F, et al. Toward a new paradigm for the reconstruction of posterior leaflet prolapse: midterm results of the "respect
rather than resect" approach. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86: 718-725.
84. Seeburger J, Falk V, Borger MA, et al. Chordae replacement versus resection for repair of isolated posterior mitral leaflet prolapse: a egalite. Ann
Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 1715-1720.
85. Okada Y, Nasu M, Koyama T, et al. Outcomes of mitral valve repair for bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143(4 Suppl): S21-S23.
86. Rankin JS, Orozco RE, Rodgers TL, et al. "Adjustable" artificial chordal replacement for repair of mitral valve prolapse. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81:
1526-1528.
87. Seeburger J, Borger MA, Doll N, et al. Comparison of outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for posterior, anterior and bileaflet prolapse.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 36: 532-538.
88. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era. Ann
Thorac Surg 2006; 82: 819-826.
89. Fox CS, Vasan RS, Parise H, et al. Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study.
Circulation 2003; 107: 1492-1496.
90. Nestico PF, Depace NL, Morganroth J, et al. Mitral annular calcification: clinical, pathophysiology, and echocardiographic review. Am Heart J 1984; 107
(5 Pt 1): 989-996.
91. Carpentier AF, Pellerin M, Fuzellier JF, et al. Extensive calcification of the mitral valve anulus: pathology and surgical management. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111: 718-729.
92. David TE, Feindel CM, Armstrong S, et al. Reconstruction of the mitral anulus. A ten-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110: 1323-1332.
93. Feindel CM, Tufail Z, David TE, et al. Mitral valve surgery in patients with extensive calcification of the mitral annulus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;
126: 777-782.
94. Ng CK, Punzengruber C, Pachinger O, et al. Valve repair in mitral regurgitation complicated by severe annulus calcification. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:
53-58.
95. Fukada Y, Matsui Y, Sasaki S, et al. A case of mitral valve replacement with a collar-reinforced prosthetic valve for heavily calcified mitral annulus. Ann
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 11: 260-263.
96. Nataf P, Pavie A, Jault F, et al. Intraatrial insertion of a mitral prosthesis in a destroyed or calcified mitral annulus. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 163-167.
97. Okita Y, Miki S, Ueda Y, et al. Mitral valve replacement with a collar-reinforced prosthetic valve for disrupted mitral annulus. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59:
187-189.
98. Hendren WG, Morris AS, Rosenkranz ER, et al. Mitral valve repair for bacterial endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 103: 124-128.
99. Dreyfus G, Serraf A, Jebara VA, et al. Valve repair in acute endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 1990; 49: 706-711.
100. Deloche A, Jebara VA, Relland JY, et al. Valve repair with Carpentier techniques. The second decade. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99: 990-1001.
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines
for the management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists endorsed
by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: e1-148.
2. Olson LJ, Subramanian R, Ackermann DM, et al. Surgical pathology of the mitral valve: a study of 712 cases spanning 21 years. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;
62: 22-34.
3. Gash AK, Carabello BA, Cepin D, et al. Left ventricular ejection performance and systolic muscle function in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation
1983; 67: 148-154.
4. Sunamori M, Suzuki A, Harrison CE. Relationship between left ventricular morphology and postoperative cardiac function following valve replacement for
mitral stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 85: 727-732.
5. Heller SJ, Carleton RA. Abnormal left ventricular contraction in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 1970; 42: 1099-1110.
6. Liu CP, Ting CT, Yang TM, et al. Reduced left ventricular compliance in human mitral stenosis. Role of reversible internal constraint. Circulation 1992; 85:
1447-1456.
7. OLESEN KH. The natural history of 271 patients with mitral stenosis under medical treatment. Br Heart J 1962; 24: 349-357.
8. ROWE JC, BLAND EF, SPRAGUE HB, et al. The course of mitral stenosis without surgery: ten- and twenty-year perspectives. Ann Intern Med 1960; 52:
741-749.
9. Selzer A, Cohn KE. Natural history of mitral stenosis: a review. Circulation 1972; 45: 878-890.
10. Sagie A, Freitas N, Padial LR, et al. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of long-term progression of mitral stenosis in 103 patients: valve area and
right heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 472-479.
11. SELLORS TH, BEDFORD DE, SOMERVILLE W. Valvotomy in the treatment of mitral stenosis. Br Med J 1953; 2: 1059-1067.
12. Carabello BA, Nolan SP, McGuire LB. Assessment of preoperative left ventricular function in patients with mitral regurgitation: value of the end-systolic
wall stress-endsystolic volume ratio. Circulation 1981; 64: 1212-1217.
13. Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Schwammenthal E, et al. Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral
regurgitation: direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry. Circulation 1997; 96: 1999-2008.
14. Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1-7.
15. Ling LH, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, et al. Clinical outcome of mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1417-1423.
16. Hammermeister KE, Fisher L, Kennedy W, et al. Prediction of late survival in patients with mitral valve disease from clinical, hemodynamic, and
quantitative angiographic variables. Circulation 1978; 57: 341-349.
17. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler
assessment. Circulation 2001; 103: 1759-1764.
18. Inoue K, Owaki T, Nakamura T, et al. Clinical application of transvenous mitral commissurotomy by a new balloon catheter. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
1984; 87: 394-402.
19. Vahanian AS. Valvuloplasty. Topol EJ, ed. Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine Lippincott-Raven Pblishers, Philadelphia 1998: 2155-2175.
20. Reid CL, McKay CR, Chandraratna PA, et al. Mechanisms of increase in mitral valve area and influence of anatomic features in double-balloon, catheter
balloon valvuloplasty in adults with rheumatic mitral stenosis: a Doppler and twodimensional echocardiographic study. Circulation 1987; 76: 628-636.
21. Iung B, Cormier B, Ducimetiere P, et al. Immediate results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. A predictive model on a series of 1514 patients.
Circulation 1996; 94: 2124-2130.
22. Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal VM, et al. Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to
outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J 1988; 60: 299-308.
23. Inoue K, Hung JS. Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: the far east experience. In Topol EJ ed. Textbook of Interventional Cardiology.
second edition, W.B. Saunders. Philadelphia 1994: 1226-1242.
24. Multicenter experience with balloon mitral commissurotomy. NHLBI Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry Report on immediate and 30-day follow-up results.
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry Participants. Circulation 1992; 85: 448-461.
25. Cohen DJ, Kuntz RE, Gordon SP, et al. Predictors of longterm outcome after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1329
-1335.
26. Orrange SE, Kawanishi DT, Lopez BM, et al. Actuarial outcome after catheter balloon commissurotomy in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation
1997; 95: 382-389.
27. Fatkin D, Roy P, Morgan JJ, et al. Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy with the Inoue single-balloon catheter: commissural morphology as a
determinant of outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 390-397.
28. Palacios IF, Sanchez PL, Harrell LC, et al. Which patients benefit from percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty? Prevalvuloplasty and
postvalvuloplasty variables that predict long-term outcome. Circulation 2002; 105: 1465-1471.
29. Cohn LH, Allred EN, Cohn LA, et al. Long-term results of open mitral valve reconstruction for mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 731-734.
30. Toumbouras M, Panagopoulos F, Papakonstantinou C, et al. Long-term surgical outcome of closed mitral commissurotomy. J Heart Valve Dis 1995; 4:
247-250.
31. 高沢有史．僧帽弁狭窄症治療における直視下交連切開術の再評価─直視下交連切開術と経皮的僧帽弁交連裂開術の比較検討─．日胸外会誌 1994; 42: 38
-45.
32. Kitamura N, Uemura S, Kunitomo R, et al. A new technique for debridement in rheumatic valvular disease: the rasping procedure. Ann Thorac Surg
2000; 69: 121-125.
33. Glower DD, Landolfo KP, Davis RD, et al. Comparison of open mitral commissurotomy with mitral valve replacement with or without chordal preservation
in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 1998; 98(19 Suppl): II120-II123.
34. Wasir H, Choudhary SK, Airan B, et al. Mitral valve replacement with chordal preservation in a rheumatic population. J Heart Valve Dis 2001; 10: 84-89.
35. Okita Y, Miki S, Ueda Y, et al. Mitral valve replacement with maintenance of mitral annulopapillary muscle continuity in patients with mitral stenosis. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 108: 42-51.
36. Sakata R, Fujii Y, Kuwano H. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Japan during 2009: annual report by the Japanese Association for Thoracic
Surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 59: 636-667.
37. Swain JA: Glenn’s Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 6th ed., Appleton and Lange, Stanford 1996: 1943-1955.
38. Cesnjevar RA, Feyrer R, Walther F, et al. High-risk mitral valve replacement in severe pulmonary hypertension--30 years experience. Eur J Cardiothorac
Surg 1998; 13: 344-351.
39. Kazui T, Osada H, Fujita H. Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery in Japan during 2004. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54: 363-385.
40. Vincens JJ, Temizer D, Post JR, et al. Long-term outcome of cardiac surgery in patients with mitral stenosis and severe pulmonary hypertension.
Circulation 1995; 92(9 Suppl): II137-II142.
41. 木村希望，数井暉久，小池英明，他．再僧帽弁置換術─外科治療成績と問題点の検討─．胸部外科 1994; 47: 664-667.
42. Nakano S, Kawashima Y, Hirose H, et al. Reconsiderations of indications for open mitral commissurotomy based on pathologic features of the
stenosed mitral valve. A fourteenyear follow-up study in 347 consecutive patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94: 336-342.
43. Reichart DT, Sodian R, Zenker R, et al. Long-term (</= 50 years) results of patients after mitral valve commissurotomy--a single-center experience. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143(4 Suppl): S96-S98.
44. Hickey MS, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, et al. Outcome probabilities and life history after surgical mitral commissurotomy: implications for balloon
commissurotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 29-42.
45. Ismeno G, Renzulli A, De FM, et al. Surgery of rheumatic mitral stenosis: comparison of different techniques. Acta Cardiol 2001; 56: 155-161.
46. Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon ACJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary. A report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular
Heart Disease). Circulation 1998; 98: 1949-1984.
47. Crawford MH, Souchek J, Oprian CA, et al. Determinants of survival and left ventricular performance after mitral valve replacement. Department of
Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. Circulation 1990; 81: 1173-1181.
48. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of survival after surgical correction of organic mitral regurgitation.
Circulation 1994; 90: 830-837.
49. Phillips HR, Levine FH, Carter JE, et al. Mitral valve replacement for isolated mitral regurgitation: analysis of clinical course and late postoperative left
ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 1981; 48: 647-654.
50. Schuler G, Peterson KL, Johnson A, et al. Temporal response of left ventricular performance to mitral valve surgery. Circulation 1979; 59: 1218-1231.
51. Wisenbaugh T, Skudicky D, Sareli P. Prediction of outcome after valve replacement for rheumatic mitral regurgitation in the era of chordal preservation.
Circulation 1994; 89: 191-197.
52. Enriquez-Sarano M, Tajik AJ, Schaff HV, et al. Echocardiographic prediction of left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation: results and
clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1536-1543.
53. Flemming MA, Oral H, Rothman ED, et al. Echocardiographic markers for mitral valve surgery to preserve left ventricular performance in mitral
regurgitation. Am Heart J 2000; 140: 476-482.
54. Zile MR, Gaasch WH, Carroll JD, et al. Chronic mitral regurgitation: predictivevalue of preoperative echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular function
and wall stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3(2 Pt 1): 235-242.
55. Duran CG, Pomar JL, Revuelta JM, et al. Conservative operation for mitral insufficiency: critical analysis supported by postoperative hemodynamic
studies of 72 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 326-337.
56. Enriquez-Sarano M, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, et al. Valve repair improves the outcome of surgery for mitral regurgitation. A multivariate analysis.
Circulation 1995; 91:1022-1028.
57. Chua YL, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, et al. Outcome of mitral valve repair in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation. Should the maze procedure be
combined with mitral valvuloplasty? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 408-415.
58. David TE, Burns RJ, Bacchus CM, et al. Mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without preservation of chordae tendineae. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88(5 Pt 1): 718-725.
59. David TE, Uden DE, Strauss HD. The importance of the mitral apparatus in left ventricular function after correction of mitral regurgitation. Circulation
1983; 68(3 Pt 2): II76-II82.
60. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J
Med 2005; 352: 875-883.
61. Bonow RO, Nikas D, Elefteriades JA. Valve replacement for regurgitant lesions of the aortic or mitral valve in advanced left ventricular dysfunction.
Cardiol Clin 1995; 13: 73-83, 85.
62. Rosen SE, Borer JS, Hochreiter C, et al. Natural history of the asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patient with severe mitral regurgitation secondary
to mitral valve prolapse and normal right and left ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 374-380.
63. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2006; 113: 2238-2244.
64. Breithardt OA, Sinha AM, Schwammenthal E, et al. Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced
systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 765-770.
65. Capomolla S, Febo O, Gnemmi M, et al. Beta-blockade therapy in chronic heart failure: diastolic function and mitral regurgitation improvement by
carvedilol. Am Heart J 2000; 139: 596-608.
66. Linde C, Leclercq C, Rex S, et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the MUltisite STimulation in
cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 111-118.
67. St John Sutton MG, Plappert T, Abraham WT, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart
failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 1985-1990.
68. Badhwar V, Bolling SF. Mitral valve surgery in the patient with left ventricular dysfunction. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 14: 133-136.
69. Bishay ES, McCarthy PM, Cosgrove DM, et al. Mitral valve surgery in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000;
17: 213-221.
70. Bolling SF. Mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy. J Heart Valve Dis 2002; 11, Suppl 1: S26-S31.
71. Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Deeb GM, et al. Intermediate-term outcome of mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115:
381-386.
72. Chen FY, Adams DH, Aranki SF, et al. Mitral valve repair in cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998; 98(19 Suppl): II124-II127.
73. Wu AH, Aaronson KD, Bolling SF, et al. Impact of mitral valve annuloplasty on mortality risk in patients with mitral regurgitation and left ventricular
systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 381-387.
74. Eguchi K, Ohtaki E, Matsumura T, et al. Pre-operative atrial fibrillation as the key determinant of outcome of mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral
regurgitation. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1866-1872.
75. Grigioni F, Avierinos JF, Ling LH, et al. Atrial fibrillation complicating the course of degenerative mitral regurgitation: determinants and long-term
outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 84-92.
76. Lim E, Barlow CW, Hosseinpour AR, et al. Influence of atrial fibrillation on outcome following mitral valve repair. Circulation 2001; 104(12 Suppl 1):
I59-I63.
77. Betriu A, Chaitman BR, Almazan A. Preoperative determinants of return to sinus rhythm after valve replacement. In: Cohn LH, Gallucci V, editors.
Cardiac Bioprosthesis. New York, NY 1982: 184-191.
78. Horskotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W, et al. The effect of chordal preservation on late outcome after mitral valve replacement: a randomized study. J Heart
Valve Dis 1993; 2: 150-158.
79. Braunberger E, Deloche A, Berrebi A, et al. Very long-term results (more than 20 years) of valve repair with carpentier’s techniques in nonrheumatic
mitral valve insufficiency. Circulation 2001; 104(12 Suppl 1): I8-11.
80. David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet
prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 130: 1242-1249.
81. Gillinov AM, Blackstone EH, Alaulaqi A, et al. Outcomes after repair of the anterior mitral leaflet for degenerative disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86:
708-717.
82. Mohty D, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, et al. Very long-term survival and durability of mitral valve repair for mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 2001; 104
(12 Suppl 1): I1-I7.
83. Perier P, Hohenberger W, Lakew F, et al. Toward a new paradigm for the reconstruction of posterior leaflet prolapse: midterm results of the "respect
rather than resect" approach. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86: 718-725.
84. Seeburger J, Falk V, Borger MA, et al. Chordae replacement versus resection for repair of isolated posterior mitral leaflet prolapse: a egalite. Ann
Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 1715-1720.
85. Okada Y, Nasu M, Koyama T, et al. Outcomes of mitral valve repair for bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143(4 Suppl): S21-S23.
86. Rankin JS, Orozco RE, Rodgers TL, et al. "Adjustable" artificial chordal replacement for repair of mitral valve prolapse. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81:
1526-1528.
87. Seeburger J, Borger MA, Doll N, et al. Comparison of outcomes of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery for posterior, anterior and bileaflet prolapse.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 36: 532-538.
88. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. Survival advantage and improved durability of mitral repair for leaflet prolapse subsets in the current era. Ann
Thorac Surg 2006; 82: 819-826.
89. Fox CS, Vasan RS, Parise H, et al. Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study.
Circulation 2003; 107: 1492-1496.
90. Nestico PF, Depace NL, Morganroth J, et al. Mitral annular calcification: clinical, pathophysiology, and echocardiographic review. Am Heart J 1984; 107
(5 Pt 1): 989-996.
91. Carpentier AF, Pellerin M, Fuzellier JF, et al. Extensive calcification of the mitral valve anulus: pathology and surgical management. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111: 718-729.
92. David TE, Feindel CM, Armstrong S, et al. Reconstruction of the mitral anulus. A ten-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110: 1323-1332.
93. Feindel CM, Tufail Z, David TE, et al. Mitral valve surgery in patients with extensive calcification of the mitral annulus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;
126: 777-782.
94. Ng CK, Punzengruber C, Pachinger O, et al. Valve repair in mitral regurgitation complicated by severe annulus calcification. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70:
53-58.
95. Fukada Y, Matsui Y, Sasaki S, et al. A case of mitral valve replacement with a collar-reinforced prosthetic valve for heavily calcified mitral annulus. Ann
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 11: 260-263.
96. Nataf P, Pavie A, Jault F, et al. Intraatrial insertion of a mitral prosthesis in a destroyed or calcified mitral annulus. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 58: 163-167.
97. Okita Y, Miki S, Ueda Y, et al. Mitral valve replacement with a collar-reinforced prosthetic valve for disrupted mitral annulus. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59:
187-189.
98. Hendren WG, Morris AS, Rosenkranz ER, et al. Mitral valve repair for bacterial endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 103: 124-128.
99. Dreyfus G, Serraf A, Jebara VA, et al. Valve repair in acute endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 1990; 49: 706-711.
100. Deloche A, Jebara VA, Relland JY, et al. Valve repair with Carpentier techniques. The second decade. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99: 990-1001.